You may look at /mnt/var/lib/info/ on Master node to find lot of info about your EMR cluster setup.
More specifically /mnt/var/lib/info/job-flow.json contains the jobFlowId or ClusterID.
I was able to install a JSON parser on my Master node to retrieve jobFlowID.
# Install JSON PARSER
Install pkgs required for jsawk
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/js/js-1.60-1.el6.rf.x86_64.rpm
wget http://pkgs.repoforge.org/js/js-devel-1.60-1.el6.rf.x86_64.rpm
sudo yum install -y js-1.60-1.el6.rf.x86_64.rpm
sudo yum install -y js-devel-1.60-1.el6.rf.x86_64.rpm
Install JSAWK curl -L http://github.com/micha/jsawk/raw/master/jsawk > jsawk
chmod 755 jsawk && sudo mv jsawk /usr/bin/
Parse and print job flow ID
jsawk ‘return this.jobFlowId’ < /mnt/var/lib/info/job-flow.json